INTERLIVING
It is typically used :
- In error-correction coding, particularly within data transmission, disk storage, and computer memory.
- For multiplexing of several input data over shared media. In telecommunication, it is implemented through dynamic bandwidth allocation mechanisms, where it may particularly be used to resolve quality of service and latency issues. In streaming media applications, it enables quasi-simultaneous reception of input streams, such as video and audio.
- For improved access performance in computer memory and computer data storage. Examples include non-contiguous storage patterns in disk storage, interleaved memory, and page coloring memory allocation strategies.
PIPELINING
Since each instruction must walk inside the CPU, units inside the unit are idle/available when the instruction is somewhere else. Pipelining allows the CPU to fetch and then move the next instructions inside the CPU while the first one is still inside the CPU. You gain performance.
SUPERSCALAR
A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called instruction level parallelism within a single processor. It therefore allows faster CPU throughput than would otherwise be possible at a given clock rate. A superscalar processor executes more than one instruction during a clock cycle by simultaneously dispatching multiple instructions to redundant functional units on the processor. Each functional unit is not a separate CPU core but an execution resource within a single CPU such as an arithmetic logic unit, a bit shifter, or a multiplier.
In the Flynn Taxonomy, a superscalar processor is classified as a MIMD processor (Multiple Instructions, Multiple Data).
While a superscalar CPU is typically also pipelined, pipelining and superscalar architecture are considered different performance enhancement techniques.
The superscalar technique is traditionally associated with several identifying characteristics (within a given CPU core):
- Instructions are issued from a sequential instruction stream
- CPU hardware dynamically checks for data dependencies between instructions at run time (versus software checking at compile time)
- The CPU accepts multiple instructions per clock cycle
BURSTING
Bursting is an extremely diverse general phenomenon of the activation patterns of neurons in the central nervous system and spinal cord where periods of rapid spiking are followed by quiescent, silent, periods. Bursting is thought to be important in the operation of robust central pattern generators, the transmission of neural codes,and some neuropathologies such as epilepsy. The study of bursting both directly and in how it takes part in other neural phenomena has been very popular since the beginnings of cellular neuroscience and is closely tied to the fields of neural synchronization, neural coding, plasticity, and attention.
Observed bursts are named by the number of discrete action potentials they are composed of: a doublet is a two-spike burst, a triplet three and a quadruplet four. Neurons that are intrinsically prone to bursting behavior are referred to as bursters and this tendency to burst may be a product of the environment or the phenotype of the cell.
USB OTG (On The Go)
USB On-The-Go, often abbreviated USB OTG, is a specification that allows USB devices such as digital audio players or mobile phones to act as a host allowing a USB Flash Drive, mouse, or keyboard to be attached.
EXPANSION BUS
An expansion bus is made up of electronic pathways which move information between the internal hardware of a computer system (including the CPU and RAM) and peripheral devices. It is a collection of wires and protocols that allows for the expansion of a computer.
- PCL (PCI is an initialism formed from Peripheral Component Interconnect, part of the PCI Local Bus standard and often shortened to PCI) is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer. These devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device in the PCI specification, or an expansion card that fits into a slot. The PCI Local Bus is common in modern PCs, where it has displaced ISA and VESA Local Bus as the standard expansion bus, and it also appears in many other computer types. Despite the availability of faster interfaces such as PCI-X and PCI Express, conventional PCI remains a very common interface.
- AGP (often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Since 2004 AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express. By mid-2009 PCIe cards dominated the market; AGP cards and motherboards were still produced, but OEM driver support was minimal.
- PCl Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), Or commonly abbreviated as pCLE is a computer expansion card standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements over the aforementioned bus standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance-scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism, and native hot plug functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard support hardware I/O virtualization.
